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Section 5.11 References

Subsection 5.11.1 Bibliography

[61]
  
C. Bardeen, R. Garcia, O. Toon, A. Conley, On transient climate change at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary due to atmospheric soot injections, PNAS 114 (36) (2017) E7415-E7424 https://www.pnas.org/content/114/36/E7415
[62]
  
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
[68]
  
C. Román-Palacios, J. Wiens. Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival. PNAS 117 (8) (2020) P.4211-4217 https://www.pnas.org/content/117/8/4211
[69]
  
D. Ray, P. West, M. Clark, J. Gerber, A. Prishchepov, S. Chatterjee. Climate change has likely already affected global food production. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0217148. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217148.
[82]
  
P.J. Gerber, H. Steinfeld, B. Henderson, A. Mottet, C. Opio, J. Dijkman, A. Falcucci, G. Tempio, Tackling climate change through livestock – A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome (2013). https://www.fao.org/3/i3437e/i3437e.pdf.
[90]
  
A. Garner, M. Mann, K. Emanuel, R. Kopp, N. Lin, R. Alley, B. Horton, R. DeConto, J. Donnelly, D. Pollard. Impact of climate change on New York City’s coastal flood hazard: Increasing flood heights from the preindustrial to 2300 CE. PNAS 114 (45) 11861-11866. https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1703568114. Accessed 07/30/22.
[93]
  
Global Monitoring Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/. Accessed 07/12/23.

Subsection 5.11.2 Image Descriptions

  1. A graph with years from 400,000 years ago on the horizontal axis and atmospheric CO2 in parts per million (ppm) on the vertical axis. The graph shows that atmospheric CO2 has fluctuated between about 180 and 300 ppm for the last 400,000 years, but has soared from less than 300 ppm to over 400 ppm in the last century.

  2. A graph with the number of vehicles on the horizontal axis and millions of households on the vertical axis. For each number of vehicles, a rectangle is drawn with height equal to the number of households with that many vehicles. The data displayed is from the frequency table given above.

  3. A graph with the per capita CO2 emissions in tons per person on the horizontal axis and number of countries on the vertical axis. For each range of emissions levels, a rectangle is drawn with height equal to the number of countries that produce that level of emissions. The data displayed is from the frequency table given above.

  4. A graph with the names of countries on the horizontal axis and millions of equivalent tons of CO2 on the vertical axis. For each country, a rectangle is drawn with the height of the rectangle corresponding to the methane emissions of each country. The data displayed is from the table given above.

  5. A circle with wedges representing countries with emissions in the given ranges. One wedge is very large, relative to the others, and several wedges are only 0 or 1 percent of the circle. The data displayed is from the table given above.

  6. A graph with GDP, in 2011 dollars per person, on the horizontal axis and CO2 emissions, in tons per person, on the vertical axis. The values for 165 different nations are represented by dots on the graph, with the horizontal position of the dot corresponding to GDP and the vertical position of the dot corresponding to CO2 emissions. The data shown in the graph is in gdp and co2 emissions for all countries in 2018 [Excel Spreadsheet].

  7. A graph with years on the horizontal axis and the global mean temperature anomaly, in degrees celsius difference from the mean temperature from 1901-2000 on the vertical axis. The value for each year is represented by a dot on the graph, with the horizontal position of the dot corresponding to the year and the vertical position of the dot corresponding to global mean temperature anomaly. The data shown in the graph is in global mean temperature anomalies from 1880 to 2019 [Excel Spreadsheet].

  8. A graph with years on the horizontal axis and total co2 emissions in gigatons on the vertical axis. The values for the USA and China from 1960 to 2018 are represented as points on the graph, with the horizontal position determined by year and the vertical position determined by emissions. The data shown in the graph is in overall co2 emissions for the USA and China from 1960 to 2018 [Excel Spreadsheet].

  9. A graph with years on the horizontal axis and total co2 emissions in gigatons on the vertical axis. The values for the USA and Singapore from 1960 to 2018 are represented as points on the graph, with the horizontal position determined by year and the vertical position determined by emissions. The data shown in the graph is in overall co2 emissions for the USA and Singapore from 1960 to 2018 [Excel Spreadsheet].

  10. A graph with years on the horizontal axis and total co2 emissions in kilotons on the vertical axis. The values for Singapore from 1960 to 2018 are represented as points on the graph, with the horizontal position determined by year and the vertical position determined by emissions. The data shown in the graph is in overall co2 emissions for the USA and Singapore from 1960 to 2018 [Excel Spreadsheet].

  11. A graph with years on the horizontal axis and total co2 emissions in kilotons on the vertical axis. The values for the United States from 1960 to 2018 are represented as points on the graph, with the horizontal position determined by year and the vertical position determined by emissions. The data shown in the graph is in overall co2 emissions for the USA and Singapore from 1960 to 2018 [Excel Spreadsheet].

  12. A graph with number of vehicles on the horizontal access and percentage of households owning that many vehicles on the vertical axis. For each number of vehicles, there is a bar representing the percentage of Great Britain households and a bar representing the percentage of United States households. The height of the bar is determined by the percentage. The data contained in the graph is shown here:
    Table 5.11.1.
    Percentage of Households
    Number of vehicles Great Britain United States
    0 25% 9%
    1 43% 32%
    2 23% 37%
    3 6% 15%
    4 2% 5%
    5+ 1% 2%
  13. A circle divided into wedges, with each wedge proportional in size to the percentage of the United States population who own 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more vehicles. The percentages also appear on the graph. The data shown in the chart is the United States data from the table below:
    Table 5.11.2.
    Percentage of Households
    Number of vehicles Great Britain United States
    0 25% 9%
    1 43% 32%
    2 23% 37%
    3 6% 15%
    4 2% 5%
    5+ 1% 2%
  14. A circle divided into wedges, with each wedge proportional in size to the percentage of the Great Britain population who own 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more vehicles. The percentages also appear on the graph. The data shown in the chart is the Great Britain data from the table below:
    Table 5.11.3.
    Percentage of Households
    Number of vehicles Great Britain United States
    0 25% 9%
    1 43% 32%
    2 23% 37%
    3 6% 15%
    4 2% 5%
    5+ 1% 2%
  15. Two bars, one for the United States and one for Great Britain. Each bar is divided proportionally using the number of households with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more vehicles in each country. The data shown in the chart is the data in this table:
    Table 5.11.4.
    Percentage of Households
    Number of vehicles Great Britain United States
    0 25% 9%
    1 43% 32%
    2 23% 37%
    3 6% 15%
    4 2% 5%
    5+ 1% 2%

  16. A stacked 100% line chart, with years from 1750 to present on the x-axis, and percentage of total historical global CO2 emissions from 1750 to that year on the y-axis. Different colors denote the different regions of the world. The data shown in the chart is available at [5.11.1.77]

  17. A stacked 100% line chart, with years from 1750 to present on the x-axis, and percentage of annual global CO2 emissions from 1750 to that year on the y-axis. Different colors denote the different regions of the world. The data shown in the chart is available at [5.11.1.78]

  18. A bar chart, with a list of corporation names on the x-axis, and the total emissions of those corporations, in millions of tons of CO2 equivalents, over the history of the corporation. The data shown in the chart is from Table 5.10.3.